π The vapour-compression refrigeraon cycle is the most common cycle based on which most HVAC devices works.
π It consists of four basic components, namely, compressor, condenser, evaporator, and expansion valve. In an ideal vapour-compression refrigeraon cycle, the refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapour and is compressed isentropically.
πCompressed vapour is cooled in a condenser to the saturated liquid state and then expands from high pressure to low pressure in the expansion device.
πA mixture of the refrigerant liquid and vapour comes out of the expansion valve, where the majority is liquid, and evaporaon of the liquid in the evaporator give out latent heat of evaporaon, which is known as cooling effect.
✏️Performance of Vapour-Compression Refrigeraon cycle
The performance of the measure in terms of COP as given in eqn. COPR=QR/Win=h1-h4/h2-h1 Here, QR is refrigeraon effect (amount of heat removed in evaporator) and Win is work input to the compressor.
✏️Parts of a Vapour-Compression cycle
Condenser :Compressed high pressure and high temperature refrigerant vapour comes to the condenser, where it is condensed to liquid state by removing its latent heat and subcooled by removing sensible heat.
πAir or water is used to remove heat of the refrigerant. Both have their inherent advantages and allocaon.
π Air cooled condenser does not require water, simple and less maintenance is involved but works at higher condensaon temperature and air having less heat carrying capacity requires more heat transfer surface area.
Expansion Valve:
πThe funcon of an expansion valve is to meter the liquid refrigerant in the evaporator and maintain a pressure difference between the condenser and evaporator. Different expansion Valves, float valve, thermostac, electronic or balance expansion valve, capillary tube etc.
πA capillary tube is the simplest expansion device to produce pressure difference. It is made of a small diameter tube and is suitable for company assembled devices like refrigerator, water, cooler, display type cabinets, window air condioners, etc.
πIt cannot regulate the amount of refrigerant so it is suitable for fixed f low machines.
Evaporator:
πRefrigerant evaporates and absorbs latent heat of evaporaon from the surroundings in an evaporator. An air cooled heat exchangers are shell and tube type or plate type. Shell and tube evaporators are divided into dry type or flooded type evaporators.
Refrigerant :
πThe refrigerant plays the role of absorbing and transming heat in a vapour compression refrigeraon system. Most common desirable properes of a refrigerant are pressure temperature relaonship, freezing point, chemical stability, toxicity, ozone depleon potenal, Global warming potenal, and cost. CFCs were popular refrigerants in the last century and they have now been replaced with HFCs and HCFCs to save the environment.
✏️Energy Use Indices
π According to ASRAE standards, following are the current energy use indices for refrigeraon compressors, packaged units, heat pumps, and chillers:
1. Coefficient of Performance (COP) is the rao of cooling capacity in kW to the total power input in kW, at any given set of rang condions. COP=Refrigeraon effect kW/Work input kW
2. Energy efficiency rao is defined as the rao of net cooling capacity of a refrigeraon compressor, a packaged unit, or other device, in BTU/h, to the electric power input to that device, in W, under designated operang condions. EER=Refrigeraon effect BTU/hr/Work input w
3. kW/ton indicates the electric power consumpon of a refrigerang compressor per ton of refrigeraon effect. kW/ton=Work input kW/Refrigeraon effect ton.
✏️Impact of Refrigerants on Environment and Environment and Global Warming
πThe surface of the earth is surrounded by a layer of air, called the atmosphere. The lower atmosphere is called the hemisphere, and the upper atmosphere is called stratosphere.
πThey are very stable. Halons are also halogenated hydrocarbons. If CFCs and halons leak or are discharged from a refrigeraon system during operaon or repair to the lower atmosphere, they will migrate to the upper stratosphere and decompose under the acon of ultraviolet rays throughout decades or centuries.
πA cloudless hemisphere is mainly transparent to short wave solar radiaon but is quite opaque to long wave infrared rays emied from the surface of the earth.
πCarbon dioxide has the greatest blocking effect of all; water vapour and synthec CFCs also play important roles in blocking the direct escape of infrared rays is called the greenhouse effect.
π The increase of the CO2, vapour, CFCs, and other gases, oen called greenhouse gases, eventually will result in a rise in air temperature near the earth’s surface. This is known as the global warming effect.
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