energy security and clean development mechanism

✏️ENERGY SECURITY 

👉The ability of a nation to secure sufficient, affordable and consistent ENERGY supplies for its domestic, industrial, transport and military requirements at an affordable price is termed Energy Security.   

👉Long term energy security deals with timely investments to supply

   energy in line with economic developments and environmental needs. 

👉Short term energy security focuses on the ability of energy system

 to respond promptly to sudden changes in the supply demand balance.

👉Countries can try to achieve energy security through a range of strategies:

👉Exploiting own resources to achieve as close to full self-sufficiency as possible.

Supplementing own energy resources with imports from reliable and consistent supplier nations.

👉Importing energy from a wide range of suppliers.

👉Switching supply so there is less dependency on imports.

Reducing domestic demand for energy.

✏️ENERGY STRATEGY FOR THE FUTURE

👉Energy Strategies is an independent energy consulting firm founded in 1986.

 In its early years, it was focused on natural gas deregulation and increasing energy choice for consumers.

 👉More than thirty years later, Energy Strategies has grown into a firm that consistently provides tailored, technically grounded analysis.

✏️CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM) 

 👉The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the Flexible Mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol (IPCC, 2007) 

👉CDM provides emissions reduction projects which generate Certified Emission Reduction units (CERs) which may be traded in emissions trading schemes.

👉The CDM allows industrialized countries to buy CERs and to invest in emission reductions where it is cheapest globally. 

Objectives of Clean Development Mechanism:

👉To assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development.

👉To stabilize greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

👉To assist developed countries in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation. 

✏️APPLICATIONS OF CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM 

👉Promote use of renewable energy sources like wind, solar, biomass, hydro, etc.

👉Take up energy-efficiency measures in boilers, pumps, refrigeration and air conditioning systems, etc.

👉Reduce energy waste, transmission, distribution, and other losses.

👉Encourage fuel switching in boilers from fossil-fuel-fired to bagasse-fired.

Enhance utilization of waste energy and water management.

👉Accelerate use of cogeneration technology in industrial sectors

Harmonics and its effects

✏️HARMONICS AND ITS EFFECTS:

👉Harmonic distortion is like electrical pollution which cause problems.

👉It is a higher multiple of primary frequency super imposed on the alternating current waveform.

👉A distorted harmonics of a 50Hz current wave may contain harmonics at 100Hz,120Hzetc.

👉The harmonic whose frequency is twice that of the fundamental frequency is called second order harmonics.

👉Harmonic distortion is the degree to which a waveform deviates from its pure sinusoidal waveform.

✏️CAUSE AND EFFECTS OF  HARMONICS:

 👉Harmonics power current electronic and voltage convertors, are motor computers, electronic lighting, created stators, welding, supply, etc. 

👉Harmonics cause cable overheat and may by nonlinear variable loads speed uninterruptible like drives, power damage 👉It overheats transformers and creates tripping of insulation circuit breakers. 

✏️HOW TO CONTROL HARMONICS:

👉Some popular methods to control harmonics are use of passive filters.isolation and harmonic reduction filters,and active solution.

👉In case of transformer overheating,special K-rated transformers are used.

👉Redistribution or relocation of harmonic-producing loads is an easier solution for many problems.