✏️INTRODUCTION
• Energy is indispensable component of industrial product, employment, economic growth, environment and comfort.
• The per capita energy consumption in India is very low as compared to that in advanced countries. However, our energy resources are fast getting depleted.
• Energy conservation means using more efficiently or reducing the wastage of energy.
✏️MOTIVATION FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
The motivation for energy conservation depends on the sector in which it is to be applied for household the main motivation includes:
• To keep the monthly bills (electricity, gas etc..) at the same level in the face of increasing energy prices.
• It gives a chance to buy new and better gadgets which provide more comfort and convenience.
• To maintain adequate energy supplies. • To ensure balance between energy development and environmental protection.
• To satisfy energy saving goals.
For industrial unit the motivation for energy conservation can be:
• To maintain profits of the unit in the face of increasing energy costs.
• To ensure proper and adequate energy supply needed for the production processes.
• To ensure compliance with state energy conservation targets and efficiency standards.
• To ensure compliance of environmental protection bye laws
Two principles of energy conservation planning are:
• maximum energy efficiency.
• maximum cost effectiveness in energy use.
✏️MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• A device, system or process is working at maximum energy efficiency when maximum work done is for a given magnitude of energy input. Only a part of the input energy is converted to useful work. The remainder is lost
• Work = Energy input – Energy loss in conversion and transfer – Energy discharge … (5.1)
• Energy can be in the form of fossil fuel or sensible enthalpy in fluid streams or latent heat in vapour and gaseous or electrical energy. It is necessary to measure input to determine efficiency.
• Work is done by a force causing motion. Its magnitude is equal to the product of force and displacement.
• Energy loss in conversion and transfer is a necessary part of energy utilisation. No process is 100% efficient. The energy losses can be electrical, mechanical, heat, chemical etc..
• In many processes a part of the energy input goes along with exhaust gases and fluids e.g., in electric power plants energy discharge takes place along with exhaust gases in the stack and condenser outlet water.
• t is evident that system efficiency would if energy loss in conversion and transfer and energy discharge is minimized.
✏️MAXIMUM COST EFFECTIVENESS IN ENERGY USE
• Implementation of energy conservation entails additional investment. The investment increases as more and more energy conservation measures adopted.
• Because of implementation of these the fuel costs decrease as extend of conservation is increased.
• the total cost per unit output is the sum of annual charges (interest depreciation etc.) on investment per unit output as shown.
• Evidently maximum cost effectiveness in energy use is obtained when total costs are the least i.e. around point M (provided energy prices are constant).
• In the neighbourhood of point M, maximum efficiency is achieved at least cost. It is seen that this is not the theoretically maximum efficiency which occurs around point N. But the total cost around is higher than that around point M. The principle of maximum cost effectiveness requires the operation around the point M.
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